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This famous responsum is one of the earliest responsa composed by R. Yechezkel Landau, and it is the lengthiest one in Noda BiYehuda – Mahadura Kama printed in the author's lifetime (Prague, 1776, Even HaEzer part, section 72). This is the most famous responsum of the Noda BiYehuda, which earnt him worldwide fame as an outstanding Torah scholar, and shook up the Torah world at that time. The Noda BiYehuda innovated in this responsum new principles in laws of testimony, which aroused against him leading Torah scholars worldwide (over one hundred questions and difficulties were raised by leading Acharonim on this responsum, many of which are quoted in the Likutei He'arot section of the Noda BiYehuda published by Machon Yerushalayim). The Tzemach Tzedek of Lubavitch quoted his grandfather the Baal HaTanya regarding this responsum, that the Noda BiYehuda was unique in his generation for his rulings, and even though many of the leading Torah scholars of his times contested this ruling, it was accepted as halachically applicable (see following article).
The difficult affair this responsum pertains to, occurred ca. 1744 (as results from his book Doresh LeTzion, homily 13, see enclosed material), when he was 30 years old, residing in Brody. This responsum contained his halachic ruling prohibiting to her husband a woman about whom severe testimonies of adultery were received. Reputedly, the Noda BiYehuda and R. Avraham Gershon of Kitov (brother-in-law of the Baal Shem Tov) were persecuted by the relatives of this woman, compelling R. Yechezkel Landau and R. Gershon of Kitov to leave Brody. R. Yechezkel Landau went to serve as rabbi of Yampil, and R. Gershon of Kitov travelled to Constantinople and from there immigrated to Eretz Israel (see following article).
The responsum pertains to the principles of laws of testimony, regarding severe matters of adultery, and was written as a complete composition, magnificently built in perfect order. The Noda BiYehuda first records his final conclusion and ruling: "This woman is prohibited to her husband with the severe prohibition mentioned in the Torah… and we must meticulously clarify according to the Talmud and Poskim… all the details of any permission one could raise… and come to the conclusion that none are substantial…". The Noda BiYehuda then lists six clauses which first came to mind when he began studying the matter, which could allow her, however after in-depth study of the Talmud and Rishonim, no permission whatsoever subsisted. He then continues to thoroughly and comprehensively refute all six clauses of permission, one by one, leaving the prohibition unchanged.
Over the course of the years between the writing and the publishing of this responsum, the Noda BiYehuda rearranged it. The body of this manuscript contains the main part of the responsum neatly recorded, which the author later corrected, inserting his handwritten additions and lengthy glosses in the margins. Most of the glosses in the margins of this manuscript were later published in his book, but two of them were not (the first appears on p. 5a, and the second on p. 9a, on the right-hand side of the page).
An additional leaf containing an addendum relating to what was written on p. 3b, begins with the words "Concerning the first permission which in the following leaf, page two…". On the verso of this leaf, at the top of the page, three inscriptions appear: "Kuntres Geder Ervah", "Kuntres", "Responsa of our master and teacher…".
This manuscript is an early version of the responsum, since the printed edition of this section contains many passages which this manuscript does not. Some of the wording differences are presumably corrections the author made before printing, on the other hand, notwithstanding the many additions contained in the printed edition, this manuscript bears special importance for clarifying the correct and original version of the author's words. By comparison, many words and even entire sentences were found to be incorrect in print, beginning with the first edition printed in the author's lifetime, until recent revised editions (including the Machon Yerushalayim edition). Some of the mistakes are regular printing mistakes, which sometimes pervert the meaning, and some are censor omissions and 'corrections' (see Hebrew description).
The lengthy glosses added in the margins of this manuscript were printed in Noda BiYehuda, generally in 'windows' in the body of the text, entitled Hagahah (Hagahat Harav Hamechaber), but some were integrated in the text, sometimes resulting in errors of reference.
R. Yechezkel HaLevi Segal Landau (1713-1793) was a leading Halachic authority of all times, which the entire Jewish nation relied upon. From a young age, he was renowned as a leading Torah scholar of his generation. From the age of 13 until 30, he resided in Brody, which was a Torah center in those times, home to the celebrated Kloiz – Beit Midrash renowned for the study of all realms of Torah, and for the famous compositions on the Talmud, in Halacha and in Kabbala which it produced.
He served for ten years as the rabbi of one of the four Batei Din in Brody. During his stay in Brody, he became close to the Kloiz scholars, including R. Chaim Sanzer and R. Gershon of Kitov (brother-in-law of the Baal Shem Tov). During those years, he studied the Arizal's writings together with R. Chaim Sanzer, a leading scholar in the Kloiz.
In ca. 1745, he went to serve as rabbi of Yampola (Yampil), and in 1754, he began serving as rabbi of Prague and the region. In Prague, he led his community fearlessly, becoming a foremost leader of his generation. He established a large yeshiva there, in which he educated thousands of disciples, including many of the leaders of that generation (his disciple R. Elazar Fleckeles, author of Teshuva MeAhava, eulogized him: "He edified several thousands of disciples, including hundreds of rabbis and dayanim". Olat HaChodesh HaShlishi, 17, p. 85a). Thousands of questions were addressed to him from far-flung places. Approximately 850 of his responsa were published in Noda BiYehuda. His books published in his lifetime, Responsa Noda BiYehuda – Mahadura Kama and Tzelach on Tractate Pesachim and Berachot, earned him worldwide fame already then (Noda BiYehuda – Mahadura Tinyana, printed after his demise, Prague 1711, includes hundreds of his responsa to questions addressed to him from various places, regarding his first book).
The Chida in Shem HaGedolim describes him as an exceptionally outstanding Torah scholar who disseminated much Torah through his books and disciples, and mentions the acuity and extensive Torah wisdom apparent in his responsa and books. The Noda BiYehuda himself wrote in one of his responsa, regarding one of his novellae, that in his opinion, it was a true Torah thought (Even HaEzer, Mahadura Tinyana section 23, 2). The Chatam Sofer relates to this responsum in one of his responsa (part II, Even HaEzer, section 95): "And the words of G-d are in his mouth, truth".
11 leaves + [1] additional leaf. 22 leaves handwritten by the Noda BiYehuda. 32.5 cm. Overall good condition, the additional leaf in fair-good condition. Stains and creases, marginal wear to some leaves. Folding marks to the additional leaf, with dark stains to the folding marks, slightly affecting one line of text.
This letter was written at the end of his tenure as rabbi of Horchov, and in his signature, he already refers to himself as rabbi of Lissa: "David Tevele of Brody, Rabbi of Lissa". R. David Tevele writes of his love for Lissa (then a city abounding with Torah scholars), and about the extensive amount of money he disbursed in his preparations for moving from Horchov to Lissa (which is in a different country), writing that it was all worthwhile for the merit of joining the Lissa community. He refers to his wife's illness, and to the difficulties involved in the move, noting that he very much hopes to reach Lissa in time for the date mentioned in his rabbinic appointment.
R. David Tevele, Rabbi of Lissa (d. Tevet 1792), a leading Torah scholar in the times of the Noda BiYehuda, was the son of R. Natan Notte, Rabbi of Brody, and one of the ten Brody scholars involved in the Cleves divorce polemic. He served as rabbi of Zaslov (Iziaslav) and Horchov, and in ca. 1774 was appointed rabbi of the great city of Lissa. This letter however, written in the summer of 1775, explicitly states that he had not yet actually arrived in Lissa. Another important dayan served in his Beit Din in Lissa, also named David Tevele, and their signatures sometimes appear together on one court ruling, with one signing as "David Tevele son of R. M. of Gritz", and the other (the rabbi of the city) signing "David Tevele of Brod".
All the leading Torah scholars of the generation accepted his authority, and from all corners of the country, people came to be judged before him and hear his Torah view. R. David Tevele issued approbations to many books, and letters from him and halachic rulings in his name are quoted in various responsa books. He exchanged halachic correspondence with the leading Torah scholars of his generation, especially with the Noda BiYehuda, R. Meshulam Igra, R. Chaim Kohen of Lvov, R. Meir Posner of Schottland author of Beit Meir, R. Meir Weill of Berlin and R. Akiva Eiger (who was his cherished disciple in Lissa in his youth). One of his famous disciples is R. Baruch Fränkel, author of Baruch Taam.
He was reputed for the battles he waged against the Haskalah movement, and became famous for his opposition of the 'enlightened' Naftali Herz Wessely and his books (correspondence between him and the Haflaa on this matter was recently published, see Beit Aharon VeYisrael, 46, pp. 147-156, and 44, pp. 114-131; 45, pp. 127-133).
He endeavored to quieten the polemic against the Chassidic movement, his words carrying weight amongst the leaders of his generation. Historic literature of Polish Chassidism includes two stories relating to this: Shem HaGedolim HaChadash (Maarechet Gedolim, letter P, entry R. Pinchas author of Haflaa), records that R. Tzvi Hirsh HaLevi, author of Likutei Tzvi, possessed a letter written by the Haflaa to R. David Tevele of Lissa, requesting the latter speak to R. Yosef of Posnan, to ask his father-in-law, the Noda BiYehuda, rabbi of Prague, not to upset the holy R. Michel of Zlotchov, who's intents are solely the sake of Heaven, testified R. Shmelke of Nikolsburg, therefore he shouldn’t be disrupted from his worship.
A different source recounts that when Noda BiYehuda, opposing the book Toldot Yaakov Yosef, wished to issue a ban commanding the book to be burnt, R. Shmelke and his brother the Haflaa wrote to R. Tevele of Lissa requesting he quieten the polemic, and R. Tevele wrote a letter to the Noda BiYehuda asking him not to quarrel with disciples of the Baal Shem Tov and of the Maggid of Mezeritch, whose ways differ from ours, yet they intend for the sake of Heaven. The Noda BiYehuda obeyed him and withdrew (Shem HaTov, Petrikev [Piotrków Trybunalski] 1905, p. 94, section 85, quoting the introduction to Nefesh David).
In his book Nefesh David on the Torah, printed in Premisla (Przemysl) in 1878, R. David Tevele quotes a thought in the name of the Maggid of Mezeritch (Nefesh David, Parashat Vayeira, p. 6a).
[1] double leaf, approx. 22.5 cm. Written by a scribe and signed by R. David Tevele. Good-fair condition. Damage to the center of the text, repaired with adhesive tape. Stains and creases. Folding marks. On the verso of the leaf: Address and wax seal remnants.
Sections of Beit Yaakov, his work on Tractate Ketubot (leaf 5 and leaves 12-13) and on Shulchan Aruch Even HaEzer, laws of Ketubot (section 68). Author's autograph, with additions and deletions. Beit Yaakov on Tractate Ketubot and on Shulchan Aruch, laws of Ketubot was published in the author's lifetime (Hrubieszów, 1823). The results of our research suggest that these leaves are preliminary drafts in preparation of the composition, with many differences in the wording of these leaves in comparison with the wording of the printed edition.
The famed Torah scholar R. Yaakov Lorberbaum Rabbi of Lissa (1770-1832), was a foremost rabbi and halachic authority in his times. A close friend of the Ketzot HaChoshen and R. Akiva Eiger, he served also as dean of the Lissa yeshiva, and many of the leading Torah scholars in Poland and Prussia (Germany) were his disciples. A prolific author, his works include: Netivot HaMishpat, Chavat Daat, Beit Yaakov, Torat Gittin, Mekor Chaim, Derech Chaim and others. He challenges the Ketzot HaChoshen extensively in Netivot HaMishpat, and the Ketzot HaChoshen refuted some of his objections in the booklet Meshovev Netivot (more recent edition of Netivot HaMishpat [Lviv, 1835; an in editions from 1990 onwards], contain additions based on manuscripts, clarifications and responses to the words of the Meshovev Netivot). The works of R. Yaakov of Lissa were accepted as halachically applicable, and according to the tradition of dayanim, his rulings are followed even when he differs from other great Torah scholars of his generation.
[2] double leaves, damaged [sections from 8 written pages]. Varying size: Approx. 23X19 cm; approx. 20.5X19 cm. Poor condition. Leaves torn and trimmed. Worming affecting text. Glue stains
The leaf opens with a copying of the endorsement of Tiktin dayanim of two rulings permitting women to reunite with their husbands by the rabbi of the city, R. Moshe Ze'ev Margaliot. Members of the Beit Din, R. "Yehuda Leib son of R. Y.L. Kahana" and R. "Aryeh Leib HaLevi" begin their endorsement with praise of the rabbi of the city, R. Moshe Ze'ev, asserting the truth of all his teachings.
This copying is followed by three lines of endorsement handwritten and signed by R. Akiva Eger, praising R. Moshe Ze'ev and approving his ruling without any doubt whatsoever. Dated: "Thursday, the 16th of Adar 1820 in Posen, Akiva Ginzman".
This letter was printed in Moshe Ze'ev Margaliot's Agudat Ezov responsa, Even HaEzer, Vilna 1885, Section 2. [See ibid. Sections 1-2 with the two responsa of R. Moshe Ze'ev, the focus of these endorsements. The endorsements are printed there in Siman 2 together with another responsum by R. Akiva Eger in which he resumes a discussion on this treatise]. Apparently, this leaf was originally included in a pamphlet with copies of the responsa of the author of Agudat Ezov sent to R. Akiva Eger for his opinion. The latter endorsed the content and sent it back. Later the content of this leaf was printed in the book Agudat Ezov, preceded by several lines of introduction. Two sections of the second letter by R. Akiva Eger on this topic were copied on the verso.
[1] leaf. 20 cm. Good condition. Stains. Damage and tears to margins, slightly affecting a few letters.
Complete 10-page booklet containing Torah novellae handwritten by the author of the Chatam Sofer on the treatise of Matbe'a Naasa Chalifin. Autograph, with several handwritten erasures and additions in the margins, all in his own handwriting. At the top of each leaf, the Chatam Sofer wrote the title: "B'Ezrat Hashem, Bava Metzia 45b Sugya Matbe'a Naasa Chalifin".
First printed in the Chatam Sofer responsa, Part 7, Siman 35 (later printed again in the Chatam Sofer novellae on the Talmud, Bava Metzia, Jerusalem 1991, p. 11 and on).
[10] leaves. 19 and a half pages (more than 500 lines) in the handwriting of the Chatam Sofer. 24 cm. Good condition. Stains. Dark stains in a few places. Tear to bottom left corner of leaf 8, not affecting text. Separate leaves.
Out of love and reverence of the teachings of the Chatam Sofer, his descendants and disciples kept his autograph writings as a segula for Yirat Shamayim and for deliverance (see following text).
Leaf from a booklet of responsa by the Chatam Sofer. Autograph with erasures, revisions and additions between the lines and in the margins. On the recto is the end of a responsum written by the Chatam Sofer to his disciple with guidance in the principles of proper conduct and honoring sages. His signature appears at the end: "Signed here in Mattersdorf Erev Shabbat Parshat Re'eh… Moshe Sofer of Frankfurt am Main", followed by another passage [crossed out]: "I forgot to warn the already cautious… 'The cow wants to nurse more than the calf wants to suckle', and this warning does not contain any new halacha. I will inform you of something which took place in our neighborhood and is related to your issue and which seems to me to be the halachic ruling, and this is what happened".
On the verso, the Chatam Sofer copies a responsum he wrote in the past regarding a community which held elections to appoint a rabbi. After a candidate was elected, many votes were discovered to be invalid since the voters received bribes to vote for the chosen contestant: "Thereafter, the members of the community complained to me claiming that now they do not want this rabbi due to the improper course of events. The dispute flared and the community was divided into two. I took upon myself to bring peace to the ravaged community to bring them to a compromise for the honor of the Torah and for the sake of peace…".
The first letter was printed in the Chatam Sofer responsa, Part 6, Siman 59, and the second was printed in the Chatam Sofer responsa, Part 5 – Choshen Mishpat, Siman 160. The passage connecting the two responsa was omitted from the book of responsa and later printed in Likutei Teshuvot Chatam Sofer, Siman 81.
The city of Mattersdorf appears in the signature of the Chatam Sofer on this leaf, attesting that these responsa were written in the early 1800s during his tenure as rabbi there (until 1807), before he officiated as Rabbi of Pressburg.
[1] leaf, [2] written pages (approx. 70 lines handwritten by the Chatam Sofer). 29 cm. Good condition. Stains, wear and minor tears to margins. Folding marks.
Out of love and reverence of the teachings of the Chatam Sofer, his descendants and disciples kept his autograph writings as a segula for Yirat Shamayim and for deliverance (see page 48).
Most of the manuscript (approximately 70 leaves) contains novellae on Tractate Beitzah. Novellae on several treatises in Tractates Pesachim, Bava Metzia and Shevuot appear at the end of the manuscript. Most of the manuscript is handwritten by the author, only a few pages (about seven pages) were written by a scribe. Many deletions, revisions and additions between the lines appear throughout the manuscript.
For the course of two years, the author toiled over this composition while studying Tractate Beitzah with his disciples in the yeshiva, as evident from inscriptions at the beginning and end of this manuscript. Many ownership inscriptions appear on the front endpapers including a preface handwritten and signed by the author: "Here in Trietsch, Tuesday Rosh Chodesh Iyar 1801, halachic novellae of Tractate Beitzah... Elazar author of the Shemen Rokeach responsa and Sama D'Chayei and Torat Chessed and Zer Zahav, here in the Trietsch community". On p. 70a, at the end of his novellae on Tractate Beitzah, the author writes: "End of the novellae of Tractate Beitzah which I have studied here in the Trietsch Yeshiva, and have concluded on the 7th of Adar 1803. G-d should likewise give me the merit of arranging [novellae] on the rest of the tractates, and words of Torah should not cease from our mouths forever".
The novellae on Tractates Beitzah and Pesachim were printed during the author's lifetime in the book Shemen Rokeach (Prague, 1812), and some in his books, the Shemen Rokeach responsa, part 2 (Prague, 1802), Shaarei Chochmah – Shev Shemateta (Prague, 1807). This manuscript is the Mahadura Kama as the author himself writes in the printed book [see his book Shemen Rokeach on Tractate Beitzah (Prague 1812, p. 7a): "…These words have been copied verbatim from my writings in Mahadura Kama…". These same teachings can be found in this manuscript on p. 14b].
The author added dozens of passages and sentences to his printed book which do not appear in this manuscript. On the other hand, this manuscript contains dozens of sections (more than 22 pages, about one eighth of the manuscript), which to the best of our knowledge have never been printed. A detailed list of the pages with hitherto unprinted novellae is available upon request.
11 years elapsed from the beginning of writing the book on Tractate Beitzah until its printing. During those years, the author printed two books, Shemen Rokeach responsa, part 2 (Prague, 1802) and Shaarei Chochmah – Shev Shemateta (Prague, 1807). The author printed full sections of this manuscript in those books and did not reprint them in his book on Tractate Beitzah which was printed in 1812 (see enclosed list).
On p. 27a, the author copied two pages of the thoughts of his renowned scholarly son R. Binyamin Wolf Low, author of Shaarei Torah: "And I will hereby copy the teachings of my son… R. Binyamin Wolf…". The leaf with the copying of his son's teachings has lines crossing its length and width. At the side of the sheet, he writes: "That which my son has written… certainly this is the true explanation…". This leaf was printed in his book of responsa Shemen Rokeach, Part 2, Siman 18.
The author added a note to p. 14b: "At the time I was in Prague, I heard from Rabbi Isser'l Lisa, that the late R. Leib Rabbi of Holešov preceded me on this point, and he contradicted him…". This note also appears in the printed book, p. 7a, with his addition that he visited Prague in 1801 to bring part 2 of Shemen Rokeach responsa to print.
Various draft-like inscriptions on Talmudic topics fill the last four pages. Some are crossed out. On one of the last pages at the end of the book (p. [2b]), he writes: "And I heard from the venerable Rabbi Yosef of Paks" [disciple of the Chatam Sofer].
Rabbi Elazar Löw (1758-1837) a famous Torah scholar, officiated most of his life as rabbi of six prominent communities in the Moravian region. Headed a yeshiva and taught more than 1000 disciples, including many future Torah leaders. His son was the famed R. Binyamin Wolf Löw, author of Shaarei Torah. R. Elazar was a prolific writer and was famous for 13 large compositions which he authored (12 were printed in his lifetime). A large part of his writings deal with Talmudic rules and methods. He would continue pondering his Talmudic studies in his sleep and many of his novellae would appear in his dreams. Reputedly, his diligence and holiness were so pronounced that upon the ending of Yom Kippur he would not taste anything and would study throughout the night, and each year on that night, would merit the revelation of Eliyahu Hanavi (Zichron Elazar). His biographers write of the effectiveness of his prayers. Before his passing, he said that already 30 days after his death, prayers can be recited at his gravesite. In 1833, he was hit by lightning which damaged his eyesight and he became blind. From then until his death, he sat and studied from memory, portraying his exceptional memory of the entire Torah. The Chatam Sofer mentioned this in his eulogy: "He was blind for several years, however, this did not impair his amazing proficiency and sharpness in the least". The Chatam Sofer cites his books in several places although he was his contemporary. R. Mordechai Bennet was so amazed at his book Shaarei Chochmah-Shev Shemateta that he claimed that it "was not written by a human, rather by an angel and such a work has never appeared". Although, R. Elazar considered printing his books a G-dly mission, he never went into debt to print them: "He would not allow himself to print many books at once lest he would not be able to pay the expenses because printing was expensive. Therefore, each time, he would print a small part of his novellae until he paid the expenses and he allocated the profit from the printings towards printing more of his novellae. His only intention was to strengthen and fortify Torah study" (Beit Asher Ohel Sarah, p. 103, at the beginning of Menuchat Asher. Brooklyn, 1963). In his testament, he requested that the names of all his books should be written on his tombstone.
This manuscript contains dozens of citations from Ateret Paz on Sefer Moed. R. Low inherited this manuscript from his grandfather and teacher R. Pinchas Zelig Rabbi of Lask. The book Ateret Paz was printed on Seder Nashim (Frankfurt an der Oder, 1768). However, his book on Seder Moed has never been printed until today and remnants survive only in this composition by his grandson and his disciple. [A few examples out of many - on p. 10a, he writes between the lines: "As written by my grandfather in his book Ateret Paz on Seder Moed"; on p. 11b: "I saw this written by my grandfather on the book Ateret Paz on Seder Moed"; p. 74a: "My grandfather author of Ateret Paz explained this in a lengthy discussion…"].
The author writes in his book Shemen Rokeach (Prague, 1812) in his novellae on Tractate Berachot (p. 10a): "And I remember seeing in the writings of my grandfather the famous R. Pinchas Zelig, author of Ateret Paz… and these writings are in the possession of my son R. Binyamin Wolf Rabbi of Amshinov in Poland… If G-d gives me the privilege of attaining my grandfather's holy writings before this composition is published, I will print them in the last pamphlet". Apparently, at the time he wrote his composition on Tractate Berachot, he still did not have access to the manuscript of Ateret Paz on Seder Moed, but while writing his works on Tractates Pesachim and Beitzah, the manuscript was before him, since its content is frequently cited in this manuscript.
The first flyleaf bears an ownership inscription of one of his sons: "Belongs to me Yechiel Michel son of R. Elazar" and an ownership inscription of a daughter: "Esther daughter of the great Torah scholar…Elazar". Two ownership inscriptions appear on the page following the title page, one inscribed by a nephew: "This book belonged to my uncle… R. Elazar Rabbi of Trietsch, author of the Shemen Rokeach responsa…". The endpapers bear several ownership inscriptions in Latin letters: Isaac Low Singer, Meir Heller, Azriel, Avraham and other names.
[1], 16, 15, 16-85, [4] leaves. A small leaf is bound between leaves 43 and 44. A total of 179 written pages. 35 cm. Most leaves are in good condition. Dampstains and wear to the last leaves. Tears to two front endpapers, and to margins of the last four leaves, some affecting text. New leather binding.
The letter was written at midnight of Wednesday, "the 19th of Adar Sheni 1805". It contains Torah teachings with referrals to many books (Shita Mekubetzet, responsa of the Maharival, the Alshich, the Mabit, Maharanach, Maharit, Knesset HaGedolah).
Towards the end of the letter, he writes that the halachic ruling is as cited by the person who sent the question and he is not arguing the ruling, rather seeking the truth.
After his signature at the end of the letter, R. Bezalel requests that if his teachings are accepted, they be included in the book Olat Shmuel.
As far as we have searched, this letter is hitherto unprinted.
R. Bezalel Ronsburg (1762-1821), prominent Prague sage, close disciple of the Nodah BiYehuda. In the introduction to his book Horah Gaver, R. Bezalel writes that "Every Shabbat… I never missed learning Torah from him [the Noda BiYehuda]". He was also a disciple of R. Leib Fisheles in Prague and later of R. Elazar Kalir, author of Or Chadash of Kolín. Horah Gaver is the only book he printed during his lifetime. Many of his compositions and novellae were lost and recently his composition Chochmat Bezalel – Pitchei Nidah and a compilation of his responsa and novellae were printed (see below). His Talmudic glosses were printed in the Prague Talmud editions and later also added to the Vilna editions titled Glosses of R.B. Ronsburg. His commentary on the Rosh, Sde Tzofim appears in the Talmud editions as well.
R. Shmuel Leib Kauder, author of Olat Shmuel, the recipient of the letter, was also a Prague luminary and close dear companion of R. Bezalel Ronsburg. Many of the surviving responsa of R. Bezalel are addressed to R. Shmuel. This letter opens with lofty titles lavishly praising R. Shmuel Leib's Torah proficiency.
R. Bezalel compiled his responsa into one compendium, however only a small part survived. A compilation of his responsa was printed in the book Responsa and Novellae of R. Bezalel Ronsburg (published by Machon Yerushalayim, 1980; see ibid a long introduction of his history by R. Yosef Buksbaum). Many of the responsa in this compilation were sent to R. Shmuel Leib Kauder. In one responsum, (ibid, Siman 21), R. Bezalel writes to R. Shmuel Leib: "And if this is correct, put it into your book since I do not intend to compile my responsa". This responsum also ends with a request by R. Bezalel that R. Shmuel Leib add it to his book Olat Shmuel and indeed, R. Shmuel Leib often cites Torah teachings and letters of his friend R. Bezalel Ronsburg in his book.
Folded leaf, [3] written pages. 22.5 cm. Good condition. Folding marks.
Rabbinic ordination accorded to R. Yaakov Tzvi Fleisig, disciple of the Chatam Sofer. He begins with noting that the Chatam Sofer had already commended him in his adolescence, attesting to his proficiency in Talmud and Halacha, which had only increased since then, in fulfillment of his teacher's expectations.
R. Meir Eisenstaedter – Maharam Ash (1780-1852, HaChatam Sofer V'Talmidav, pp. 296-303) was a foremost disciple of the Chatam Sofer and a leading Hungarian rabbi, son-in-law of R. David Deutsch Rabbi of Neustadt (Nové Mesto nad Váhom). He served as rabbi of several Hungarian cities, and from 1835, as rabbi of Ungvar. He authored Responsa Imrei Esh and other books. He studied under the Chatam Sofer for five years, and the Chatam Sofer attested that no disciple enlightened him like R. Meir did (HaChatam Sofer VeTalmidav, p. 297). A holy man, he fasted every weekday of the Shovavim period, and was known to benefit from divine inspiration. In 1831, he went to visit his teacher the Chatam Sofer, who expressed amazement at the extent of his disciple's retention of his teachings. He was very attached to his teacher the Chatam Sofer, and had a special room in his house, where he cloistered himself every day for a whole hour praying for the Chatam Sofer's longevity. From the day of his teacher's demise, he ceased this custom, perceiving with divine inspiration that the Chatam Sofer had passed away, and the latter appeared to him in wakefulness, as a Sefer Torah cloaked in black (HaChatam Sofer VeTalmidav, p. 299 and p. 301). The Ktav Sofer eulogized Maharam Ash as the foremost disciple of his father, the elite of the elite of his foremost disciples, in Torah, piety and character traits. He mentioned the account of the Chatam Sofer's amazement at his proficiency, recalling that the latter had exclaimed to those who were present that he had never seen such an erudite Torah scholar, with exceptional fluency in everything he had learnt, as if it was written before him (Drashot Ktav Sofer, pp. 197-199, Jerusalem 1972 edition).
The recipient of the ordination was R. Yaakov Tzvi Fleisig (1818-1900), a disciple of the Chatam Sofer and son-in-law of R. Meir Almash Rabbi of Mattersdorf, and brother-in-law of R. Asher Anshel Jungreis Rabbi of Csenger. From 1855, he served as rabbi of Freistadt (today Hlohovec-Galgoc, Slovakia) and from 1872, as head of the Vienna Beit Din.
This letter was printed in Kerem Shlomo, year 6, issue 7, p. 54; and passages from it were printed in HaChatam Sofer VeTalmidav (Bnei Brak, 2005, p. 234).
[1] double leaf, 21 cm. Approx. 17 autograph lines and signature. Fair-good condition. Tears to the folds and wear.
This lot has been withdrawn from the auction.
Brief letter signed by R. Refael Kohen, addressed to the leaders of the Three Communities (Altona, Hamburg, Wandsbek). [Hamburg], Av 1784.
Letter requesting and authorizing the transfer of his salary through his attendant: "Twofold greetings to the respected leaders of this community of Altona and Hamburg. Their honor should kindly give my attendant, bearer of this letter, the sum of three hundred and fifty Courant mark for my salary. Today, Wednesday, Av 10, 1784. So says Refael Kohen".
R. Refael HaKohen of Hamburg (1722-1803) was a leading Torah scholar in the times of the Noda BiYehuda, the Shaagat Aryeh and the Gaon of Vilna. Close disciple of the Shaagat Aryeh, and a teacher of R. Chaim of Volozhin. He served as rabbi and dean in Minsk and several other Lithuanian cities. In 1773, he went to serve as rabbi of Poznań, and in 1776, was appointed rabbi of the joint community of Altona-Hamburg-Wandsbek in Germany. His books include: Torat Yekutiel, Responsa VeShav HaKohen, Responsa She'elat HaKohanim Torah, Daat Kedoshim, Marpe Lashon and others. His biography was recorded in Zecher Tzadik (Vilna, 1879).
His father was R. Yekutiel Süsskind Katz, Rabbi of Riga and Lipland, scion of an established lineage of Kohanim named Katz (Kohen Tzedek – true Kohen, descendants of this family include many established Kohanim of Lithuania including: R. Zecharia Mendel Katz Rabbi of Radin, R. Yisrael Meir HaKohen the Chafetz Chaim, R. Dov Katz and R. David Kohen HaNazir). At the age of 12, he was already a disciple of his relative the Shaagat Aryeh, then dean of the Minsk yeshiva, and became one of his foremost disciples. When the Shaagat Aryeh left Minsk in 1742, R. Refael succeeded him at the young age of 19. He later served as rabbi of Rakaw (Minsk region), and in 1747, was appointed Rabbi of Vilkomir (Ukmergė), a position he held for ten years, with many outstanding Torah scholars studying under him. From 1757, he served as rabbi of the Upper Minsk region. R. Chaim of Volozhin studied under him in his youth (in one of his responsa, R. Chaim writes: "I, the small one, attended the eminent Kohen when he was in our country, and I am obliged in his honor just like the honor of Heaven". Chut HaMeshulash, section 9). In 1763, he acceded the Pinsk rabbinate (and in that period met with the Maggid of Mezeritch, see below). In 1773, he went to serve in the rabbinate of Poznań, and in 1776, of the Three Communities, which he directed for close to thirty years, with wisdom and assertiveness. He was reputed for his opposition of Moses Mendelssohn's Haskalah movement, issuing a ban on anyone who would read his German translation of the Torah.
R. Refael HaKohen was revered by all Jewish sects in that generation (excluding the Maskilim, who opposed him and circulated polemic books and lampoons against him), and refused to be involved in the dispute between Chassidim and their opponents. He was very friendly with R. Eliyahu, the Gaon of Vilna, who held him in high esteem, yet conversely met with the Maggid of Mezeritch (regarding this meeting and his attitude to the Chassidic movement, varying and contradictory traditions exist – see: R. Y. Mondshine, in his article R. Refael HaKohen of Hamburg and his attitude to Chassidism, Kerem Chabad, 1992, part IV, pp. 117-123; R. D. Kamenetsky, in his article R. Refael HaKohen and the Gra, Yeshurun, 21, 2009, pp. 840-857; R. D. Eliach, HaGaon, Part III, pp. 915-916 and note 65). R. Refael Natan Nata Rabinowitz, author of Dikdukei Sofrim, described him as a faithful friend of the Gaon of Vilna, even though deep down, he was somewhat inclined to the Chassidic way, and travelled to greet R. Ber in Mezeritch (R. N.N. Rabinowitz, Marginalia to Shem HaGedolim, Yeshurun, 23, Elul 2010, p. 273 – also regarding the continuation of the account of his debates with the Gaon of Vilna on this topic). Chassidic tradition relates that his familiarity with Chassidism and the celebrated meeting were a consequence of R. Zusha of Anipoli's visit to him, at the behest of his teacher the Maggid. Reputedly, R. Refael refused the Vilna Gaon's request that he join the ban on Chassidism (see preface of Beit Rebbi, Berdychiv, 1902, p. 10).
19X12 cm. 3 autograph lines. Good condition.
A similar letter from late 1784 appears in R. R. D. Dessler's Shenot Dor VaDor, 2, Jerusalem 2004, pp. 197-198.
At the top of the title page is a dedication handwritten and signed by the son of the author, R. Asher Rabbi of Karlsruhe, who (in 1822?) awarded the book to a young Torah student for his excellent performance on a test by the city rabbi: "Testimony to a recent test I have administered to the children of the Talmud Torah of this city and I have found among them the child Koppel of Bruchsal erudite and comprehending the teachings of the sages and novellae in halacha and Tosafot. I gave him this nice book as a gift and I signed my name on Monday, Isru Chag of Pesach 1822 – Asher son of the author, Karlsruhe and the region".
R. Asher Ginzburg-Wallerstein, Rabbi of Wallerstein and of Karlsruhe (1754-1837), was an eminent Torah scholar, who already from a young age exchanged halachic correspondence with leading Torah luminaries of his time, such as the Noda BiYehuda, the Haflaah and the Or Chadash. Youngest son and beloved disciple of his father, the renowned author of Shaagat Aryeh, and his leading disciple in the Metz Yeshiva. Known for his sharpness of mind, his father attested that "his son is sharper in Torah study than he himself" (approbation of R. Gedalia of Metz, disciple of the Shaagat Aryeh, to the book Gevurot Ari).
Officiated as Rabbi in the Metz Yeshiva and later in the Niederwerrn Yeshiva. After the passing of his father, the Shaagat Aryeh, the Metz community begged him to succeed his father as rabbi, however, he adamantly refused. From 1788, he began his 25-year tenure as Rabbi of Wallerstein. In 1819, he relocated to the Karlsruhe rabbinate and served as Chief Rabbi of the entire Baden district.
Many prominent rabbis of Southern-Germany communities (Baden and Bavaria districts) were his disciples. He was the primary teacher of R. Yaakov Ettlinger, author of the Aruch LaNer and also taught R. Eliyahu Wilstetter (his successor in the Karlsruhe rabbinate), R. Eliyahu Hirsh Prager Rabbi of Bruchsal, and others.
During his lifetime, Torah study in Germany ebbed and R. Asher exerted himself to teach and disseminate Torah among Jewish youth as he writes: "…Therefore, I have decided to reinforce our holy religion, to protect the success of Jewish youth and to give honor and glory to those who succeed in their studies. I will test them and if I see that they succeed in their studies, I will honor them in public and call them up to the Torah with the title 'HeChaver'. Perhaps this will lead to competition among Jewish youth" (Beit Aharon V'Yisrael anthology, 50, p. 166, citing the Kerem Shlomo anthology, Year 7, Issue 7, p. 44).
The recipient of this gift was R. Ginzburg's disciple in his senior years, R. Yaakov Koppel Moshe HaLevi Lowenstein from Bruchsal, who later officiated as Rabbi of Gailingen and the region. In his youth, he studied in the Karlsruhe Yeshiva under the tutelage of R. Pilta Epstein, R. Aharon Ettlinger and his son R. Yaakov (author of Aruch LaNer). Later, R. Koppel studied in yeshivot in Mainz and Hanau and from 1825, in the Würzburg Yeshiva. The Kerem Shlomo anthology (Cheshvan 1982, p. 57) published a letter by the Aruch LaNer (who at that time taught in his father's yeshiva in Karlsruhe) to R. Avraham Bing, head of the Würzburg Yeshiva, recommending his friend R. Koppel, telling of their friendship: "…Most of our childhood, we were friends studying here in Karlsruhe under the tutelage of my father, my teacher, and he would pursue the study of wisdom and science as well. Afterward, he progressed to the yeshiva in Mainz and thence to the yeshiva of the Rabbi of Hanau…", (cited in the Yeshurun anthology, 8, p. 779). Eventually, R. Yaakov Koppel received rabbinical ordination (semicha) from his first teacher, R. Asher Wallerstein (see the Kerem Shlomo anthology, Year 2, Issue 8).
[1], 52, 51-56 leaves; 44; 48 leaves. 32 cm. High-quality paper and wide margins. Condition varies; good condition. Tear to the top of the title page (old paper repairs). Stains and dampstains. Light wear. Tears to margins of several leaves, not affecting text. Original binding with leather spine. Handwritten documents in the lining of the binding (these leaves were not removed and examined).
Hundreds of leaves handwritten by the author, with many deletions and additions. Complete and original composition by an author we were unable to identify, with mentions of his city – Frankfurt am Main. The author was presumably a leading Torah scholar of Frankfurt, during the tenure of R. Pinchas Horowitz, author of the Haflaa, as rabbi of the city.
The style of novellae is diverse, and includes novellae based on the allegoric approach: many Gematrias (association of words by their numeric value), interpretations according to Kabbalistic teachings and more. The volume contains novellae following the order of the Torah, from Bereshit until the end, novellae on Mishnayot – Orders Zera'im and Moed; novellae on the Talmud – on many tractates; commentaries to Tehillim, Megillat Esther, and to other books of the Bible; commentary to the Passover Haggadah; and more. Many leaves of the book bear the heading "Selections", and contain various novellae on prayers, piyyutim and customs. In several places, the author mentions his city, Frankfurt, and documents the city's customs and their rationales. For instance, on p. 151a: "and in the Bible printed here in Frankfurt…". On p. 176b: "The custom of reading the section regarding lighting the lamps in Parashat Behaalotecha on the eighth day of Channuka… and here in Frankfurt we do not have this custom, since…". On p. 265b: "Here in Frankfurt, the custom was to delay the Shabbat morning prayers in the synagogue, reciting the Shema after the 3rd hour of the day…". On p. 273a: "Here in Frankfurt, the custom isnot to recite KaKatuv Al Yad Nevi'echa, since…".
The author also documents (on p. 177b and p. 265b) a famous custom in German communities, named Jahreskaddisch (the Kaddish of the year), of singing the Kaddish on Simchat Torah in the tunes of the entire year (regarding this custom, see Minhagei Maharitz HaLevi [Dunner, Bnei Brak 2016], part I, pp. 394-395).
Another unique custom is recorded - Chomez'digen Borchu (Barchu of Chametz), of singing Barchu of the evening prayer at the close of Passover in the tune of Selichot days (p. 177a): "In the evening following the last day of Passover, we sing Barchu in a pleasant and stirring tune like during the High Holidays, since Chametz (leaven) is an allegory to the evil inclination, so we sing in this tune to be inspired, to be wary of the evil inclination, and to fortify our heart in worship of G-d" (regarding this custom, see Minhagei Maharitz HaLevi, part I, p. 174).
Several handwritten leaves were found interspersed in the volume, containing drafts and various notes of novellae. One of the leaves includes a lengthy and interesting inscription, documenting the author's initiative of establishing a detailed calendar for the years 1799-1800.
The last leaves are indexes to the contents of the manuscript, arranged by the author. An inscription in Latin characters appears on p. 284b (author's signature?).
1-142, 142-152, 152-174, 174-177, 179-284 leaves (the first leaf is blank). In total, 285 written leaves + [5] single leaves. High-quality paper. 34 cm. Good-fair condition. Stains and wear. Ink smudges. Wear to the page corners at the beginning and end of the book, affecting text. Detached leaves and gatherings. Original binding, damaged and detached.
Enclosed is an expert's report on the manuscript.