Auction 97 Part 2 Rare and Important Items
Abudarham, commentary on blessings and prayers, and explanations and laws of prayer, by R. David Abudarham (Avudraham). [Ushbuna (Lisbon): Eliezer Toledano, 1489]. First edition. Incunabulum.
Printed in two columns, in "Rashi script" (Sephardic). The initial panels and titles are printed in large, square script. Diagrams of the Temple altar are printed on leaves [23] and [24].
On the margins of p. [44a] appears a handwritten addition, in Sephardic semi-cursive script (the inscription is faded and affected by trimming with loss), with a commentary on the blessing against the heretics ("VelaMeshumadim"), which does not appear in the main text of the book. This commentary on the blessing against heretics is also omitted in the manuscripts of Abudarham, and it survives only in a single manuscript (MS Turin A II 29), based on which it was published in the anthology Tzefunot by R. David Yitzchaki (see: Tzefunot, I [5789], 4, pp. 17-20). The text of the present addition is identical to what is published there.
Glosses and corrections in Sephardic script on leaf [96]. Censorship expurgations (some by scraping the words) and handwritten corrections to several leaves.
First edition of Abudarham, a foundational work of commentary on the prayers and their meanings. The original name of the book is "Commentary on the Blessings and Prayers", but the book is best known as Abudarham (Avudraham), after its author R. David Abudarham, a famous Spanish rabbi in the 14th century and one of the great rishonim. In his book, the author selected commentaries on prayers and related laws from the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds, the writings of the Geonim and from writings of many early Torah scholars, including R. Elazar of Worms (the Rokeach), R. Asher of Lunel; the Ri Migash and others. The book contains, among other matters, the texts of prayers and various rare customs of Spanish Jewry, which are almost unknown from other sources. The work is divided into three general sections ("gates") – the first explaining the Shema, the second explaining the prayers, and the third explaining the blessings over commandments. The book also contains a detailed explanation of calendrical issues and the structure of the Jewish calendar (this part is missing in the present copy).
The author's name, Abudarham, has been explained in several ways. Some claim that the name "father of the dirham" (a medieval Islamic currency) indicates that the author came from a family of merchants or tax collectors. Another explanation has it that the "father of the dirham" is so called due to being the foremost liturgical commentator (as the Hebrew word "matbea" denotes both "coinage" and "prayer formula").
Abudarham has become one of the most important foundational texts on the rite and custom of prayers, and it is cited constantly by the poskim. The Noda BiYehudah writes in his approbation to the 1788 Prague edition of Abudarham: "The great virtue of the book of Abudarham is well-known; most of the customs in prayers, blessings, Kedushot and Havdalot are based on his book, and the Beit Yosef and acharonim in Orach Chaim cite him very often; it is a valuable and necessary book, since the acharonim cite his statements in brief…".
Incomplete copy: [148] leaves. Originally: [170] leaves. Missing 22 leaves. Collation (gatherings not marked): i5 (missing first five leaves, including illustrated frame on first leaf), ii-x8, xi6, xii7 (missing third leaf), xiii8, xiv7 (missing seventh leaf), xv6 (missing third and fourth leaf), xvi8, xvii3 (missing fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth leaf), xviii7 (missing first leaf), xix-xx8, xxi3 (missing last seven leaves). All the missing leaves are supplied in photocopy. 25.5 cm. Fair-good condition. Stains, including dark stains in several places. Tears, including many open tears (large tears along the margins to first leaves and other leaves), affecting text and headers of leaves, restored with paper filling (the entire book has been professionally restored, margins of leaves have been restored with paper filling). Worming in a few places, slightly affecting text, restored with paper filling. New leather binding.
The second book printed in Lisbon, a few months after the printing of the commentary of the Ramban on the Torah, in the press of Eliezer Toledano.
See: A.K. Offenberg, Hebrew Incunabula in Public Collections, Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1990, no. 1.
Rabbenu Bachya – commentary on the Torah by Rabbenu Bachya son of Asher ibn Halawa. [Naples: Azriel son of Joseph (Gunzenhauser) Ashkenazi, 1492]. Incunabulum.
First edition, printed in the early years of Hebrew printing. Prototype for all the dozens of subsequent printed editions of this work.
Text of first page of the Book of Shemot and first page of the Book of Vayikra set in elaborate woodcut frames of dense foliage with peacocks, putti, horses, gazelles, and more. Decorated initial panels in additional places.
The author, Rabbenu Bachya son of Asher ibn Halawa (1255-1340), was a Torah scholar of Gerona and prominent biblical commentator. Disciple of the Rashba. Rabbenu Bachya's commentary employs four methods of exegesis: pshat – based on biblical commentators who follow the pshat approach; drash – based on midrashim; logical analysis – based on philosophy; and a method he terms "the path of kabbalah" or "path of light", based on kabbalistic works and scholars, including passages parallel to teachings of the Zohar, which had not been published at the time, but which was apparently used by Rabbenu Bachya. Rabbenu Bachya's commentary is innovative in its combination of these four methods, and in the expansion of the kabbalah approach – expounding upon and clarifying kabbalistic concepts mentioned concisely in Ramban's commentary. Rabbenu Bachya's commentary quickly gained widespread acceptance, as the following testimonies indicate. The Tosafot Yom Tov writes that many would study it every Shabbat, and R. Avraham Zacuto attested in Sefer Yuchasin that the book was renowned worldwide. Rabbenu Bachya is quoted extensively in Tzenah URenah, demonstrating that the book was popular among the general public. Already by the end of the 16th century, the book had been printed in some ten editions, and over the years many more editions were issued.
Many glosses (some lengthy, most trimmed) by several writers (Sephardic script – square, semi-cursive and cursive).
[270] leaves. Originally: [288] leaves. Lacking 18 leaves (including final blank leaf). Collation: ii6 (lacking gathering i and first two leaves of gathering ii), iii-ix8, x10, xi-xxviii8, xxix6 (lacking leaves 2 and 7), xxx-xxxv8 (lacking gathering xxxvi of 6 leaves, including final blank leaf). All lacking leaves supplied in photocopy. 26.5 cm. Fair condition. Many stains, including dark dampstains and traces of past dampness. Wear. Tears, including many open tears, affecting text, repaired with paper and paper filling (with photocopy and handwritten text replacement in several places). Most leaves professionally restored. Margins of leaves with woodcut frames trimmed, with damage and loss to frames. Worming affecting text, repaired with paper filling. Inscriptions. New leather binding.
An additional edition of this work was published concurrently (in 1492) in Spain or Portugal. Parts of it are extant, yet it is unclear if it was ever completed during the turbulent times of the Spanish expulsion.
Hasagot HaRamban on Sefer HaMitzvot by the Rambam. Constantinople: David and Shmuel ibn Nachmias, 1510. First edition.
Printed without title page. At the top of the first leaf: "Hasagot of the Ramban against the Rambam's count of mitzvot".
First edition of the Ramban's famous Hasagot critiquing the Rambam's enumeration of commandments, and the first halachic work of the Ramban to be printed.
The Ramban's Hasagot are structured based on the Rambam's Sefer HaMitzvot, another work first printed in Constantinople in the same time period.
In the first part of the work, Ramban critiques the fourteen principles propounded by the Rambam as the basis for his count of mitzvot. In the second part of the work, Ramban comments on various commandments counted or omitted by the Rambam. Throughout the work, Ramban defends the count of mitzvot propounded by Halachot Gedolot (Bahag), which Rambam often disputes.
Several early authorities refer to this work as "Sefer HaMitzvot by the Ramban", but this name was almost entirely supplanted after its printing.
Colophon on last leaf: "The labor was completed… by the typesetters… R. David and his son R. Shmuel ibn Nachmias… And people assisted them… to benefit the public, and they dedicated their money to perform this great mitzvah… And it was completed on Rosh Chodesh Tammuz [1510] in Constantinople…".
Stamps (blurred) on last leaf: "Yaakov Tzvi Katz", "Yaakov Tzvi Katz, Rabbi of Hajdúszoboszló" – R. Yaakov Katz, Rabbi of Hajdúszoboszló, author of Leket HaKemach HeChadash. Succeeded his father as Rabbi of Hajdúszoboszló, a position his family held for four generations: his father R. Shmuel Katz, Rabbi of Hajdúszoboszló (d. 1919), son-in-law of R. Yaakov Tzvi Weiss-Weissman (d. 1889 or 1890), son of R. Avraham Weissman, Rabbi of Hajdúszoboszló (and son-in-law of Rebbe Shmuel Frankel, Rabbi of Hajdúdorog, author of Imrei Shefer).
Correction and short gloss on leaves of book, by two writers.
Complete copy. [70] leaves. Approx. 18 cm. Good-fair condition, last leaves in fair condition. Stains, including dampstains (many stains to last leaves). Wear and creases. Tears, including small marginal open tears. Worming to last leaves, slightly affecting text. Margins of several leaves repaired with paper. Close trimming, affecting text on one leaf. New leather binding. Placed in matching leather slipcase.
Pirkei Rabbi Eliezer. Constantinople: Yehudah Sason, 1514. First edition. Elaborate copy from the collection of the Baron de Rothschild.
Rare, first edition of Pirkei Rabbi Eliezer, a midrashic work containing 54 chapters with detailed elaborations of Biblical stories, attributed to the tanna R. Eliezer son of Hyrcanus. R. David Luria, author of a commentary on the work, writes that this book forms the basis for many stories that are not mentioned explicitly in the Written Torah, but were an accepted part of the Oral Torah.
Title page decorated with fine woodcut frame.
Colophon on last leaf: "The work was completed… by Yehudah son of R. Yosef Sason on Tuesday, 13th Iyar… [1514], in Constantinople".
On title page and below colophon appears the printer's device of Yehudah Sason – an erect white lion against a black background, in a square frame (see: Yaari, Diglei HaMadpisim HaIvriyim, Jerusalem, 1944, pp. 7, 126, no. 8).
Elaborate leather binding signed: "René Aussourd" (1884-1966), a famous French bookbinder.
The present copy originated from the collection of the Rothschild family. Enclosed is a handwritten letter of authenticity from the Parisian antiquarian Christian Galantaris, attesting that this copy's provenance is from the above-mentioned collection.
Interestingly, the preface to the edition of Pirkei Rabbi Eliezer printed with the commentary of R. David Luria (Warsaw, 1884) contains a "commentary on a passage in Pirkei Rabbi Eliezer" by Baron Amschel Mayer von Rothschild, appended by the publisher – R. Shmuel Luria.
Some censorship expurgations.
On last leaf, signature of censor Giovanni Domenico Carretto, from 1617.
[44] leaves. 19.5 cm. Gilt edges. Good condition. Minor stains. Small marginal open tears to title page and several other leaves, repaired with paper filling. Light worming. Elaborate leather binding. Placed in matching slipcase.
Typographical variants on the verso of the title page are known to exist. See: Yitzchak Rivkind, Dikdukei Sefarim, "Kiryat Sefer", IV, 1927-1928, p. 276, no. 24 (the present copy differs from the copy appearing in the NLI catalog).
Exceptionally rare edition.
Commentary of Rashi on the Torah and Five Megillot. Venice: Daniel Bomberg, 1522.
Rare edition of Rashi's commentary on the Torah and Five Megillot.
Colophon on last leaf: "Printed by the brothers, sons of Baruch Adelkind of Padua, on behalf of Daniel Bomberg and in his press".
Signature on title page: "Meir son of Avraham in Haguenau" (Alsace), deleted by crossing out, with an additional signature below it: "Shalom Seligman Shamash" (a prominent member of the Frankfurt community). Additional inscriptions on title page.
Ownership inscription on leaf 2: "Purchased for the honor of my Creator, Netanel Pussweiler [Bouxwiller, Alsace], Wednesday, 18th Elul [1775]".
On the blank page on the verso of the final leaf, interesting inscriptions on abstaining from games and gambling, in early Ashkenazic script.
In the first inscriptions, the writer, "Yekutiel son of R. Menachem", makes a sworn commitment to refrain from board games (perhaps chess) for about six years. Writing in rhymed prose, he states that he had not been frequenting the study halls, instead playing board games, and he swears not to play board games until the year 5331 (1570/1571). After his signature ("this is the prayer and request of Yekutiel son of R. Menachem"), he further commits to refrain from all kinds of games: "And I add onto it of my own accord all kinds of games, until the above day and year", concluding with the date: "Friday of Parashat Lech Lecha 1564".
Below this inscription is a copying of a passage on the manifestation of Divine Inspiration in courts. Below it is an additional inscription, also on gambling: "…Therefore I determine not to gamble for a year[?], for which my brother gave me 3 Strasbourg pennies; and if I gamble before my time, i.e. a year, I will give him a Thaler. And I accept this upon myself… Tuesday, 10th Kislev 1570".
Card games and gambling were common in Ashkenazic lands for centuries, as was vowing to abstain from them. Community ordinances also sometimes dealt with this issue. "For the desire to gamble is especially great for those who have the habit. And R. Tuviah likewise stated that nowadays every vow not to gamble may be annulled, because those who are addicted to it are unable to restrain themselves" (Hagahat Smag, negative commandment 242). See further: R. Yuspa Schammes, Minhagim DiKehilat Vermeisa, Machon Yerushalayim edition, pp. 238-239, footnotes 10 and 13.
140 leaves. Approx. 25 cm. Most leaves in good-fair condition, first and last leaves in fair condition. Stains, including dampstains. Open tear to title page (not affecting text), and open tears to second leaf and several other places, affecting text and with abrasions to text, partially repaired with paper. Worming, slightly affecting text. Old binding, worn and damaged.
Exceptionally rare edition. The Bibliography of the Hebrew Book records a copy missing the title page.
Provenance: Sotheby's (Delmonico Collection), New York, December 2008, no. 174.
Masaot, the itinerary of R. Binyamin. Constantinople: Eliezer son of Gershom Soncino, 1543. First edition.
Rare first edition of one of the most famous Jewish travelogues, including a rich and important description of Jewish life in various locations in the 12th century, the period of the Rishonim.
On the verso of the title page, the book begins with a short foreword on R. Binyamin and his book: "This book was composed based on what was recounted by a man from Navarra named R. Binyamin son of Yonah of Tudela. He traveled and entered many distant lands… and in every place he visited, he wrote down everything he saw or heard from trustworthy people… And when he returned, he brought these words of his with him to Castile in the year 1173".
R. Binyamin of Tudela, a 12th century Jewish traveler and explorer. R. Binyamin departed ca. 1165 on a lengthy voyage in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. He began his voyage in Saragossa, and he later traveled to southern France, departed Marseilles for Genoa, reached Rome and southern Italy, sailed through Corfu to Greece, Turkey and Constantinople, traveled through Syria to Eretz Israel and also reached Mesopotamia and Yemen, finally returning to Spain in 1173. In his travelogue, R. Binyamin describes the lands he visited, with particular attention to the Jewish communities, their number in each location, their ways of life and their customs. His descriptions often mention important Jewish sages he met in various lands.
R. Binyamin's itinerary has been printed in dozens of editions over the years and has also been printed in translation in various languages. The book was first translated into Latin by the Spanish scholar Benito Arias Montano (Antwerp, 1575), whose edition formed the basis for translations into other languages printed thereafter.
[32] leaves. 13.5 cm. Overall good condition. Stains, including slight dampstains. Censorship expurgations in ink, resulting in many stains. Several handwritten inscriptions. Early binding, composed of remnants of manuscripts.
Complete copies are very rare. Recorded in the Bibliography of the Hebrew Book based on a copy in the British Library.
Hanhagat HaChaim – Livro intitulado regimiento de la vida. An ethical work in Ladino, "authored by the perfect Torah scholar R. Moshe Almosnino", with a composition on the interpretation of dreams "written by the author himself upon the request of the fortunate lord Don Yosef Nasi…". [Thessaloniki]: Yosef son of Yitzchak Yaavetz, Elul 1564. Only edition. Ladino.
Evidently, this is the first original work printed in Ladino, the language spoken by Spanish Jews, prevalent throughout the Spanish emigrant communities in oriental countries. Ethics, Aggadah and counsel. The book is written entirely in Ladino with an introduction and detailed index in Hebrew. Divided into three parts, as the author writes in his introduction. The first part: "The proper conduct… for eating and drinking, sleeping… going to sleep and waking up, walking and sitting, speaking and keeping quiet…". The second part is about the ten virtues of Aristotle: "Courage, temperance, generosity, magnificence… great-heartedness, pride, patience, wit, friendliness and truthfulness". The third part discusses "justice, friendship… wisdom, intellect, understanding and craft".
Part of the title page, the introduction and contents are printed in Hebrew. The titles of chapters and subjects are printed in Hebrew on the margins. At the end of the book, a Ladino-Hebrew glossary is printed.
Another edition of the book, in Spanish, was printed in Amsterdam many years later, in 1729.
R. Moshe Almosnino (ca. 1516-1580), an extraordinary Torah scholar, was a rabbi in Thessaloniki in the 16th century. A halachic authority, orator and philosopher, he was well-versed in science, medicine and several languages, and he authored Torat Moshe, Tefillah LeMoshe and Yedei Moshe. He also wrote a supercommentary on the commentaries of Ibn Ezra and Rashi, as well as novellae, Talmud commentaries and more. As mentioned in his introduction, Rabbi Moshe Almosnino wrote this book at the request of his nephew who begged him to write his teachings in the vernacular, although this was difficult for him due to his great love of Hebrew. Apparently, the glossary at the end of the book was the first Hebrew-Ladino dictionary to have been composed.
Handwritten inscriptions to title page and other leaves (on the last leaf: "Shlomo son of R. Yeshayah…").
Complete copy, including the last leaves with the glossary, which are sometimes missing. 164, [4] leaves. Leaves 141-144 are bound out of sequence, after leaf 156. Approx. 20 cm. Varying condition of leaves; most leaves in good-fair condition; first and last leaves in fair condition. Stains, including dampstains. Worming, affecting text, repaired with paper filling. Large open tears to margins of title page, inner margin of second leaf, and margins of last four leaves, slightly affecting text on both sides of the title page and some of the last leaves, repaired with paper filling (these leaves may have been supplied from another copy). New binding, with worming and light damage.
![Sermon of R. Yehudah ben Betzalel [the Maharal of Prague] on Shabbat HaGadol, 1589. Prague: Mordechai son of Gershom HaKohen](https://files.kedem-auctions.com/files/Sale97/109.jpg "Sermon of Maharal of Prague for Shabbat HaGadol – Prague, 1589 – Rare")
Sermon of R. Yehudah ben Betzalel [the Maharal of Prague] on Shabbat HaGadol, 1589. Prague: Mordechai son of Gershom HaKohen with Betzalel son of Mordechai Katz, [1589]. First edition, printed in the Maharal's lifetime.
Fine title frame, decorated with a woodcut. Colophon on last page: "Completed with the help of the eternal G-d, [1589]".
Several handwritten corrections of printing errors.
The original thought of the Maharal is known to posterity from his celebrated works. He printed most of his philosophical works during his lifetime, thereby preserving them for future generations (his other writings, including halachic works and novellae on the Talmud, have for the most part been lost). For a long period of about two hundred years the books were not reprinted, and it was only after a revival of interest by Chassidic leaders, especially with the encouragement of the Maggid of Kozhnitz, that the works of the Maharal were first reprinted at the end of the 18th century.
[30] leaves. Approx. 19 cm. Good condition. Stains, including light dampstains to margins of leaves. Worming to several leaves, slightly affecting text, mostly repaired with paper filling. New leather binding.
Rare edition. This sermon was reprinted in the Russia-Poland region, around 1820.
On the content and background of the sermon, see: Avraham Gottesdiner (Ovadiah), HaAri ShebeChachmei Prag, Jerusalem, 2002 (new edition), pp. 59-62.
Sefer Minhagim, by R. Shimon HaLevi Günzburg. Venice: Zuan (Giovanni) di Gara, 1593. Yiddish with integrated Hebrew. Second edition of the book, and first illustrated edition – containing dozens of fine woodcut illustrations alongside the text. Fine copy.
In the center of the title page appears an illustration of a winged figure holding a shield bearing an image of a jug, flanked by the caption: "Shimon Levi Gunzberg", the author's name.
The Yiddish Minhagim were first printed in Venice, 1589. The first edition was printed without illustrations; in 1593, the present edition was printed along with 32 fine woodcut illustrations throughout the book. These illustrations are original to this edition and were prepared specifically for it (26 different illustrations – six of them appear twice).
The illustrations became an integral part of Sefer Minhagim in the subsequent editions. They became familiar and well-known and were reused many times over the 17th and 18th century in other books too, such as Passover Haggadot, Birkat HaMazon and various other Yiddish books.
These unique illustrations shed light on the customs and ways of life of the Jews of the time, and serve as an important source for scholars; the customs depicted include: a woman lighting a hanging Sabbath lamp (Judenstern), Kiddush Levanah, checking for chametz, baking matzot for Passover, a haircut on Lag BaOmer, receiving the Torah at Mt. Sinai, recital of Kinot on Tishah B'Av, blowing the shofar in Elul and on Rosh Hashanah, a rabbi's sermon on Shabbat HaGadol and Shabbat Teshuvah, kaparot on the eve of Yom Kippur, dispensing candy to children on Simchat Torah, lighting Chanukah candles, a wedding, a circumcision, a funeral and many more.
Scholars debate whether the illustrations were made by a Jewish or non-Jewish artist. Notably, the illustration of the lighting of Chanukah candles depicts a seven-branched menorah (like the Temple menorah) rather than the eight- or nine-branched menorah used for Chanukah candles, an error that would apparently not be committed by a Jewish artist (see: Wolfthal, pp. 95-96; full citation below).
In addition to the abovementioned original illustrations, the book also contains 12 small illustrations of agricultural work and zodiacs according to the months of the year. These illustrations had already appeared in the Passover Haggadah published in Mantua, 1568.
Most of the book is printed in Yiddish, in the Ashkenazic typeface later known as "Tsene Rene letters", for its repeated use in printings of that book.
The book was printed for the Yiddish-speaking Jews in Europe (the title page mentions Germany, Italy, Poland, Bohemia and Moravia), mainly for the populace who weren't well-versed in Hebrew, and served as a popular guide to the customs applying during the year and over the course of life, in the synagogue and at home. The book was a resounding success: it was printed in some 50 editions over a period of about 200 years (the present edition was also published a mere three years after the first edition).
In addition to the new illustrations printed in the present edition, the author also added new contents that had not appeared in the first edition. The title page reads: "Minhagim – much more beautiful than the first ones were".
The end of leaf 80 contains concluding words from the author, who signs off: "So requests the writer, Shimon Levi Gunzburg".
5, 8-80, [10] leaves. Missing leaves 6-7 (no illustrations were printed on these leaves). Approx. 19 cm. Good-fair condition. Stains. Open tears to inner margins of title page and other leaves, slightly affecting text and one illustration, repaired with paper. Worming to last leaves. Close trimming, affecting bottom of some of the calendar leaves. Markings and notations within text in several places (marginal inscriptions to several leaves with Latin references to verses quoted in the book). Trimmed signature on margin of p. 8b: "Breina daughter of Shmu---". New leather binding.
[8] leaves at the end of the book, with a 70-year calendar – calendar of Rosh Chodesh and festivals, moladot and tekufot, for the years 1593-1664.
The present copy contains [2] additional leaves at the end of the book, with a poem for a bride by R. Yaakov Ulm. The gathering numbering on these leaves (23) matches the numbering of Sefer HaMinhagim (which ends with gathering 22). Apparently, the poem was also disseminated separately (the Bodleian Library holds the poem as an independent unit, while in the JTS Library in New York the poem is bound at the end of the book).
The present edition is especially rare, with few known extant copies. The copies known to us are: two copies in the Oppenheim collection in the Oxford Bodleian Library, one complete; one copy in the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) Library in New York – missing the first 8 leaves (shown on exhibition; see: Precious Possessions: Treasures from the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary, New York, 2001, p. 63, no. 44); one copy in the Royal Danish Library in Copenhagen – missing 20 leaves throughout the book; one copy in the Gross Family Collection in Tel Aviv – missing 22 leaves throughout the book (including first 9 leaves).
Not in NLI.
Literature:
1. Ch. Shmeruk, "Yiddish Presses in Italy", Italia III, 1-2 (1982), pp. 153-156, nos. 19, 20 (Hebrew).
2. Ch. Shmeruk, "The Illustrations of the Yiddish Minhagim, Venice 1593, Reprinted in 17th-Century Prague Books", Studies in Bibliography and Booklore XV (1984), pp. 31-52 (Hebrew).
3. Chava Turniansky, Erika Timm, Claudia Rosenzweig (eds.), Yiddish in Italia. Milan: Associazione italiana Amici dell’Università di Gerusalemme, 2003, p. 83, no. 41.
4. Diane Wolfthal, Picturing Yiddish: Gender, Identity, and Memory in the Illustrated Yiddish Books of Renaissance Italy. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004, pp. 85-154.
5. Isaac Yudlov, Hebrew Printers' Marks, Jerusalem, 2001, pp. 36-40.