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Sefer HaIkkarim, principles of Jewish faith, by R. Yosef Albo. [Soncino, Israel Nathan Soncino and sons, 1485]. First edition. Incunabulum.
First edition of one of the classic works on Jewish thought. Printed in the early years of Jewish printing, in Soncino, Italy, in the famous press of the first Jewish family of printers.
The present copy comprises leaves [56]-[58] (gathering viii, leaves 2-4) which were removed from most copies by order of the Christian censor (see Bibliography of the Hebrew Book, listing 109905). These leaves bear many censorship deletions (and many open tears, with significant damage to text, due to ink erosion).
Printed without title page. The recto of the first leaf is blank, while the printer's foreword occupies the verso. At the end of the foreword, date of commencement of printing: 22nd Marcheshvan 1485, in Soncino.
Two colophons at the end of the book. The first states the date of completion of printing: 21st Tevet 1485. The second colophon, by one of the print workers, concludes with the famous play on the verse from Yeshaya (coined here): "From Zion shall go forth the law and the word of G-d from Soncino".
Woodcut initial word panels at the beginning of the table of contents and of the foreword.
Ownership inscriptions on leaf [1]: "This book belongs to the wise R. Baruch de Blanes"; "Meir the Sephardi"; "Yaakov of Modena[?]"; "This book belongs to the exalted scholar… R. Asher Ne'eman… of Verona".
Censorship deletions in several places. Many glosses (handwritten by the above-mentioned R. Yaakov), mostly outlines and quotations from the book; illustrations in several places; underlines.
Complete copy. [108] leaves. First and last page blank. 14 gatherings. i-ii8, iii6, iv-xiii8, xiv6. 25 cm. Fair-good condition. Stains, including dampstains and dark stains. Tears, including open tears, slightly affecting text, mostly repaired with paper. Many open tears to three rare leaves (leaves [56]-[58]) due to censorship deletions and ink erosion, with significant damage to text. Worming, slightly affecting text, mostly repaired with paper. Marginal paper repairs to some leaves, close to text in several places. First leaf and final leaf repaired with strips of paper (to all margins). Handwritten inscriptions on endpapers. Bookplate. High-quality leather binding (marked: E.A. Enders, München), with minor defects.
There are typographic variations between the various copies of the book (presumably due to the fact that many leaves were rearranged in the course of the printing), notably on leaf 1 of gathering v (leaf [31]). See: Y. Rivkind, Kiryat Sefer, II, 1925-1926, pp. 55-56 (Rivkind distinguishes between two types of copies, one of which was proofread and corrected – the present copy is a corrected copy).
For a detailed bibliographic description of the book, see also: P. Tishby, Kiryat Sefer, 63, 1990-1991, pp. 615-621, no. 36.
The Soncino family were prominent Hebrew printers in the 15th and 16th century, and particularly in the incunabula period. They established their first printing press in Soncino, Italy, ca. 1483, and later wandered through various Italian cities with their printing equipment, resuming their printing operations wherever they settled. One of the prominent members of this family was Gershom Soncino. The family derived its name from the first town in Italy where they operated. Offered here are two editions of Sefer HaIkkarim, printed by the Soncino family – the first edition printed in Soncino by Israel Nathan Soncino and sons (Israel Nathan was the head of the family and founder of the printing firm in Soncino), and the fourth edition printed
in Rimini by Gershom Soncino (see next item).
Sefer HaIkkarim by R. Yosef Albo, principles of Jewish faith. Rimini (Italy): [Jeronimo of Soncino – Gershom son of Moshe], 1522. The title page states that this is the third printing, though this is in fact the fourth edition of the book (see: A.M. Habermann, HaMadpisim Bnei Soncino, Vienna 1933, pp. 61-62).
Printer's foreword on the verso of the title page, copied in its entirety from the first edition of the book, Soncino 1485 (see previous item), including date and place of printing. At the end of the foreword, Gershom Soncino added several paragraphs, mentioning his name and the name of his grandfather, Israel Nathan Soncino, whose sons printed the first edition on his behalf.
Colophon on final leaf.
Initial word on leaf [5] set in a fine woodcut panel.
Signature on title page: "Wolf Segal". Another ownership inscription, partially deleted with ink. Ownership inscription on leaf [5]: "My acquisition, Avraham Lapapa". Handwritten sources in margins of some leaves.
[154] leaves. Approx. 20 cm. Fair-good condition. Stains, including dark dampstains. Minor worming, affecting text. Tears to title page, affecting printer's device and text on verso, and minor marginal open tears, repaired with paper (paper covering some text and printer's device). Marginal tears to several leaves, including minor open tears, repaired with paper. Paper repairs in several other places, partially over text. Inscriptions. Stamps. New leather binding.
Gershom Soncino's famous printer's device, which was later included in many of his books, appeared for the first time on the title page of this book. It depicts a fortified tower set in a frame, accompanied with a verse from Mishlei, "A tower of strength is G-d, into it shall run the righteous and be saved" (see: A. Yaari, Diglei HaMadpisim HaIvriim, Jerusalem 1944, no. 6, note on pp. 123-124).
Rabbenu Bachye – commentary on the Torah by Rabbenu Bachye son of Asher ibn Halawa. [Naples: Azriel son of Joseph (Gunzenhauser) Ashkenazi, 1492]. Incunabulum.
First edition, printed in the early years of Hebrew printing. Prototype for all the dozens of subsequent printed editions of this work.
Text of first page of the Book of Shemot and first page of the Book of Vayikra set in elaborate woodcut frames of dense foliage with peacocks, putti, horses, gazelles, and more. Decorated initial words.
The author, Bachye son of Asher ibn Halawa (1255-1340), was a Torah scholar of Gerona and prominent biblical commentator. Disciple of the Rashba. Rabbenu Bachye's commentary employs four methods of exegesis: pshat – based on biblical commentators who follow the pshat approach; drash – based on midrashim; logical analysis – based on philosophy; and kabbalah – a method he terms "the path of kabbalah" or "path of light", based on kabbalistic works, including passages parallel to teachings of the Zohar, which was not widespread at the time. Rabbenu Bachye's commentary is innovative in its combination of these four methods, and in the breadth of the kabbalah approach – expounding upon and clarifying kabbalistic concepts mentioned concisely in Ramban's commentary. Rabbenu Bachye's commentary quickly gained widespread acceptance, as the following testimonies indicate. The Tosafot Yom Tov writes that many would study it every single Shabbat, and R. Avraham Zacuto attested in Sefer Yuchasin that the book was renowned worldwide. Rabbenu Bachye is quoted repeatedly in the Tsena Rena, thus the book was evidently popular amongst the general public. Already before the end of the 16th century, the book had been printed in some ten editions, and over the years many more editions were issued.
Many glosses (some lengthy, most trimmed) by several writers (square, semi-cursive and cursive Sephardic script).
[270] leaves. Originally: [288] leaves. Lacking 18 leaves (including final blank leaf). Collation: ii6 (lacking gathering i and first two leaves of gathering ii), iii-ix8, x10, xi-xxviii8, xxix6 (lacking leaves 2 and 7), xxx-xxxv8 (lacking gathering xxxvi of 6 leaves, including final blank leaf). All lacking leaves replaced in photocopy. 26.5 cm. Fair condition. Many stains, including dark dampstains and traces of past dampness. Wear. Tears, including many open tears, affecting text, repaired with paper (with photocopy and handwritten text replacement in several places). Most leaves professionally restored. Margins of leaves with woodcut frames trimmed, with damage and loss to engravings. Marginal open tears to several leaves, repaired with paper. Worming affecting text, repaired with paper. Inscriptions. New leather binding.
An additional edition of this work was published concurrently (in 1492) in Spain or Portugal. Parts of it are extant, yet it is unclear if it was ever completed during the turbulent times of the Spanish expulsion.
Liber Chronicarum [the "Nuremberg Chronicle"], by Hartmann Schedel. [Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, July 12, 1493 (print details in colophon)]. First edition, Latin (a German edition was published later that same year).
Complete copy of the first edition of the illustrated incunabulum known in English as the "Nuremberg Chronicle", compiled by Hartmann Schedel, in its original Latin version.
The "Nuremberg Chronicle" presents an account of the history of the world from the creation of man to the time of its writing. It is widely regarded as one of the most important works of the earliest days of the printing press, and one of the first books to incorporate illustrations into the body of the text. 325 ff. (out of 328; missing three blank leaves); with some 1,800 beautiful woodcuts (including many repeats). With a few hand-painted initials. Handwritten notations in Latin in the margins of several leaves.
The "Nuremberg Chronicle" bears the distinction of being one of the most beautiful works of the early years of the printing press, mainly thanks to the numerous woodcuts it contains, including: Ptolemy's map of the world; a map of Central and Northern Europe after Nicholas of Cusa, considered to be the very first modern map of Central Europe; woodcuts presenting a wide array of biblical scenes and historical events, among them two early blood libels, specifically the blood libels of William of Norwich (England) and Simon of Trent (Trento, Italy); numerous portraits of prophets, kings, and other figures; and, in addition, views of cities in Europe and the Near East – among them, Jerusalem – in woodcuts regarded as the earliest visual representations of many cities ever to have appeared in print.
The woodcuts were created by the painter and print artist Michael Wohlgemut (1433/37-1519) – among the most prominent of Nuremberg's artists at the time, and stepson of Wilhelm Pleydenwurff (ca. 1450-1494) – in Wohlgemut's own workshop studio. Among the apprentices and students in this workshop was Albrecht Dürer, who is thought by a number of scholars to be responsible for some of the illustrations appearing in the "Chronicle, " including "The Seventh Day of Creation" (f. V) and "The Sun and the Moon (f. CLVII). The process of creating the illustrations and printing the book took roughly three years; in all, some 100 artists were involved, operating 24 printing presses in Anton Koberger's large printing house in Nuremberg.
Included among the woodcuts: • Creation of Eve (f. VI); • Noah's Ark (f. XI); • Tower of Babel under construction (f. XVII); • Destruction of Sodom and the meeting between Abraham and Melchizedek (f. XXI); • Binding of Isaac (f. XXII); • the Lord's Revelation to Moses through the Burning Bush, and Job and Satan (f. XIXX); • the Golden Calf (f. XXXI); • the Menorah (Seven-Branched Candelabrum (f. XXXII); • the Priest in his Priestly Attire, the Ritual Laver (Basin) and the Altar (f. XXXIII); • Judgement of Solomon (f. XLVII); • Eliyah's Ascent to Heaven (f. L); • the Blinded Zedekiah being led to Babylonia (f. LXII); the Third Temple: plans of the interior of the Temple and illustrations of the building (ff. LXVI and LXVII); views of the cities of Nuremberg (double plate), Würzburg (Herbipolis), Magdeburg, Basel, Prague, Strasbourg (Argentina in medieval Latin), Venice, Padua, Rome, Mantua (Mantova), Florence, Alexandria, Damascus, Jericho, Tiberias, Jerusalem (with Solomon's Temple at its center, f. XVII), and more; • "Destruccio Iherosolime, " a woodcut depicting the destruction of Jerusalem and the First Temple; • Jews being burnt alive in mass execution; • Crucifixion of William of Norwich (f. CCI); • Jews torturing the boy Simon of Trent (Trento, Italy, f. CCLIII); • The Dance of Death (f. CCLXIII); • and more.
The content of the "Chronicle" provides a survey – based on the Bible, and the science, history, and philosophy of that period – of the most important events in human history, from the creation of the world to the time of the book's writing. Schedel compiled the text from numerous sources, but like other academic authors and historians of the time, he did not provide citations or references. He adhered to the traditional system of distinguishing seven discrete eras of human history: From the creation of the world till the Great Flood; from the Great Flood to the birth of Abraham the Patriarch; from the birth of Abraham to the coronation of King David; from the Kingdom of David till the Babylonian Exile; from the Babylonian Exile till the Nativity of Jesus; from the birth of Jesus to the time of the author (a number of pages were notably left blank at the end of this particular chapter, allowing for the documentation of events in this last era that were yet to occur); and the final, seventh era, namely the future, marked by the coming of the Antichrist in the End of Days, and the Final Day of Judgement.
In addition to the above, the book includes detailed descriptions of cities in Europe and the Near East. Many of these descriptions are accompanied by large woodcut illustrations, widely regarded as the earliest known visual depictions in print of many of these cities. The illustrations are distinguished by their precision and attention to detail, on a level of quality unprecedented at the time. Owing to the limitations of travel in those days, many of the illustrations were not based on any direct experience of the artist with the site in question; rather, they were copied or inspired by earlier works, or were simply the fruits of the artist's imagination.
The "Chronicle" was popular in its day as an authoritative historical text, and as a reliable source of contemporarily available scientific and historical knowledge. It was consequently printed three times in the ten years following its earliest publication. Nevertheless, from the standpoint of its publishers, it was not a particularly profitable venture; only some 1,400 copies of the original (Latin) edition were printed in total, and of these, it is estimated that roughly 400 have survived. There were some 700 copies of the German edition printed later that same year, of which a total of only about 300 have survived (see: "Chronicle of the World: The Complete and Annotated Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493," Taschen [Köln, London, Madrid, New York, Paris, Tokyo], 2001, German edition, annotation and commentary in English, pp. 7-37).
[20], CCXCIX, [1] ff; [5] ff. (the gathering "De Sarmacia regione Europe"). In total, 325 ff., out of 328. Three blank leaves missing. Leaves CCLVIIII-CCLXI are blank, except for the headers. 46 cm. Overall good-fair condition. Approx. 60 leaves with smaller margins (some apparently supplied from another copy); some of them remargined. Map at end of book partly missing and professionally restored; missing half (with colophon on verso) supplied from another copy; strips of paper glued to edges. Inner margins of several leaves mended with paper. Stains (some dark) and blemishes, affecting text and illustrations on several leaves. Tears, some of them lengthy, to several leaves, some causing minor damage to text and illustrations, in some cases repaired. Worming, with minor damage to text. Handwritten notations. Several lines of text and one illustration on f. CLXIX deleted with ink. First leaf mounted on paper and partly detached. Old binding, with gilt decorations (gilt title on spine). Minor blemishes to binding. Bookplates on front pastedown.
Enclosed: Facsimile of the German edition of the "Nuremberg Chronicle":
"Chronicle of the World: The Complete and Annotated Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493," Köln, London, Madrid, New York, Paris, Tokyo: Taschen, 2001. Annotation and commentary in English.
Parte presa nell'eccellentiss. Conseglio di Pregadi. 1550. Adì 8. Luglio. In Materia de Marani. Decree ordering the expulsion of Venice's Marrano community. [Venice (on title page: "Stampata in Calle dalle Rasse"), 1550]. Italian.
Official paper issued by the Venetian Senate – the "Conseglio dei Pregadi" (lit. "Council of the Invited") – containing a decree ordering the expulsion of "Marranos" (a term designating "crypto-Jews" in Spanish and Portuguese, i.e., those who covertly persisted in their practice of the Jewish faith, despite publicly recanting it, and adopting Christianity, under the pressure of the Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula) who had settled in Venice. According to the decree, the Jews in question, known in Italian as "Marani" – a term derived from "Marranos" – were under order to leave the territories held by the Republic of Venice within two months. All those caught disobeying the decree would have their property confiscated and would be sentenced to two years of forced labor as galley slaves. Any Venetian citizen accused of conducting business with any of the crypto-Jewish deportees would be subject to similar punishment.
The emblem of the Republic of Venice – the Lion of St. Mark the Evangelist, grasping a sword – appears on the title page.
Rare document. Only one listing in OCLC.
Notwithstanding the fact that Jews were restricted by law to the confines of the Venetian Ghetto, in general, the attitude of the Venetian authorities to their Jewish residents was relatively tolerant, and rooted in a pragmatic approach that prioritized Venice's economic and security interests over Catholic ideology or the institutional demands of the Inquisition. Insofar as Venetian Jews functioned as moneylenders, and as merchants with worldwide contacts, the contribution of the Jewish population to the republic's economy was regarded as paramount. They were consequently awarded a measure of relative freedom, especially when compared with their status in other Catholic states.
In contrast, the Marranos who fled to Venice from persecution in Spain and Portugal were treated with far greater suspicion, and the Venice Senate adopted resolutions to have them expelled on two separate occasions, once in 1497 – a decision that was never enforced – and a second time in 1550, with a decree that was only very partially acted upon. Thanks to pressures exerted by Venetian Christian merchants and out of concern for the city's economic well-being, the Senate eventually softened the resolution and postponed its implementation.
[1] f., folded in half (four pages). Thick paper binding. 20.5 cm. Good condition. Stains, including dampstains. Few tears (minor, not affecting text). Two worming holes, not affecting text, mended with paper. Notation in ink in corner of title page.
Reference:
David Kaufmann, "Die Vertreibung der Marranen aus Venedig im Jahre 1550." The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 13, No. 3 (April 1901), pp. 520-32. (German).
1. Sefer HaKuzari, based on the debate of R. Yitzchak HaSangri, composed in Arabic by R. Yehuda HaLevi, with the Kol Yehuda commentary by R. Yehuda Moscato. Venice: Zuan (Giovanni) di Gara, [1594]. First edition of the Kol Yehuda commentary.
2. Mifalot Elohim, philosophical essays on the Creation of the World and faith, by R. Yitzchak Abarbanel. Venice: Zuan (Giovanni) di Gara, [1592]. First edition.
The book was published based on a manuscript from the collection of the Rema of Fano, as stated on the title page.
3. Perush Derech Yemin, concerning the direction for shaking the lulav, by R. Yosef Samega. [Venice, printer not indicated, 1606]. Only edition. Originally printed without title page.
Brief work clarifying the direction of Lulav shaking, and discussing the meaning of the Talmudic saying "All turns that you turn should be only to the right". A ruling was published in Toldot Adam by R. Shmuel Algazi, Venice 1605, regarding the way of performing the Hakafot and shaking the Lulav, with approbations by the Rema of Fano, R. Ovadia Sforno, and R. Zion Franzes. R. Yosef Samega and several other Torah scholars published their opposition to this ruling, and in return the Rema of Fano and R. Ovadia Sforno published the Yemin Hashem Romema booklet, Venice 1605. The present work, Perush Derech Yemin, was printed in response to the rulings published in Yemin Hashem Romema (regarding the controversy and the various booklets published during its course, see: Y. Yudlov, Sinai, 84, 1979, p. 167, note 10).
4. Mashbit Milchamot, collection of rulings by rabbis allowing the use of the Rovigo mikveh, which was at the center of a famous polemic. Venice: Zanetto Zanetti, 1606. Only edition.
The mikveh in the house previously owned by R. Avtalyon Consiglio in Rovigo was at the center of a polemic which stirred the rabbinic world in Italy. The rulings of rabbis permitting the use of the mikveh were compiled in the present work. Objections to the present rulings were published in the book Palgei Mayim, edited by R. Moshe Porto, Venice 1608, and in Mikveh Yisrael by R. Yehuda da Saltara of Fano, Venice 1607.
Printed signatures of eleven rabbis approving the use of the mikveh on p. 94b. In some copies, leaf 94 was rearranged, and the signature of R. Yosef son of R. Moshe of Kremnitz was added. Those copies include [2] additional leaves, with errata. The present copy includes the original leaf 94, without the additional signature and is without the [2] leaves of errata.
On verso of title page, foreword by R. Yitzchak Gershon, who presumably compiled the book and brought it to print (in his foreword, R. Yitzchak Gershon writes that he also approves the use of the mikveh; his name appears in the list of approving rabbis on p. 94b; regarding the Rovigo mikveh polemic, and the various publications on both sides, see: A. Yaari, Mechkarei Sefer, Jerusalem 1958, pp. 420-429).
Four books in one volume. Kol Yehuda: 299 leaves. Leaves 58, 136 and 196 are blank. Mifalot Elohim: 96 leaves. Perush Derech Yemin: 20, [2] leaves. Mashbit Milchamot: 94 leaves. 20 cm. Light-colored, high-quality paper. Most leaves in good condition. Perush Derech Yemin in good-fair condition. Stains, including some dampstains. Traces of past dampness with mold stains to Perush Derech Yemin. Worming to some leaves, not affecting text. Minor tear slightly affecting text on one leaf. Inscriptions. Early, gilt-ornamented leather binding. Defects and worming to binding; open tears to spine.